This principle was found in:

"The above limitation may be exceeded in the assessment of the applications made by journalists to defend their professional practices for the issues which are formally handled by the Supreme Board of the Press Council without waiting for an application."

"The conclusion of the application by the Secretary-General through reconciling the parties is not an obstacle for the Supreme Board to handle the matter. It can release to the public the opinion and the decision related to the matter resulting in reconciliation like its other decisions."

"At the latest, complaints may cover two months before the date of application. At the latest, the application is settled in two months from the date of the application."

"The Supreme Board of the Press Council holds a meeting with the participation of at least 11 members and discusses the matter. Decisions are taken by the majority of those present. Each member has one vote. A vote only reflects the opinion of its owner. No-one can abstain during voting. The member of the Supreme Board cannot participate in the negotiations for complaints related to the institution s/he represents, and cannot vote."

"The Secretary-General informs the reporter and the institution of the complaint after receiving the application, and requests a response. S/he tries to reconcile the parties; and if this is not possible, brings the report and the file to the Supreme Board of the Press Council meeting."

"In order for a matter of violation regarding the Professional Principles of the Press to be handled by the Supreme Board, it is sufficient that any person appropriately applies (by petition, via phone or the Internet) to the Press Council on a matter which s/he deems worthy of complaint. The applications of organizations, which have the authority to represent a certain profession or community, related to relevant sections of the society are also taken into account."

"The Supreme Board of the Press Council settles the applications of journalists and press organs (written, oral, visual) against whom an accusation is duly made that they have acted contrary to the Professional Principles of the Press."

"HOW TO APPLY TO THE PRESS COUNCIL?"

"Each press organ agreeing with the Professional Principles of the Press and the Press Council Agreement pays a certain amount of fee."

"With regard to press members and organs, the Supreme Board of the Press Council may decide to find the complaint ' insufficient' , ' warn' or condemn' as a result of applications made to it."

"The duties of the Supreme Board of the Press Council are to work towards the expansion and the realization of freedom; to protect the respectability of the press; to investigate the collective claims against the media, doing written, oral, visual or internet journalism, stating that the profession of press has been used for unethical private interests without waiting for an application; to settle complaints that are violations of the professional principles; to settle the applications of journalists and/or press organs who want the situation to be examined due to an accusation that the journalism is done contrary to the Professional Principles of the Press; to monitor and assess threats against freedom of expression and press; and call a meeting with the Board of Members if necessary; to settle complaints regarding professional practices related to pre-publication and the publication; and to conduct and publish studies related to the press."

"DUTIES OF THE SUPREME BOARD"

"The Supreme Board of the Press Council consists of 12 journalists 3 of whom are elected from cities outside Istanbul by the Board of Members; and 14 representatives of readers, the President of the Press Council Solidarity and Development Foundation; 1 representative to be determined by the press organs with circulation rate of more than 100 thousand; 1 representative from websites; 3 representatives of journalist associations; Representatives of Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir Bar Associations with the Turkish Bar Association; and representatives of institutions providing ethics services. Members of the Supreme Board of the Press Council elect a President and a Vice President by secret vote. The President represents the Press Council. When the President is absent, the role of the representative passes to the Vice President, and if he/she is also absent, it passes to the Secretary-General. The term of office of the High Council' s elected members is three years. The member whose term of office ends can be re-elected."

"SUPREME BOARD"

"People who signed the contract in the Board of Directors consist of journalists, owners or general managers or representatives of oral, written, visual media and websites that declare to the public that they have promised to comply with the Professional Principles of the Press; the president or representatives of trade unions and associations representing journalists, representatives of bar associations, deans of communication faculties, and representatives of readers."

"BOARD OF MEMBERS"

"The Board of the Press Council Members (BKUK), and the Supreme Board of the Press Council are the organs of the Press Council. The Press Council has a Secretary-General and an office with sufficient staff under the Secretary-General."

"The Turkish Press Council was established to protect the public' s right to learn the truth , which is the cornerstone of a liberal democratic system, and to help the free and responsible press and press members continue their professional practices at a level expected from a free and a respectable press. The members who established the the Press Council have regulated the Professional Principles of Press to be followed and signed a contract. The Turkish Press Council has been successfully operating for 32 years."

"HISTORY AND WORKING RULES OF THE PRESS COUNCIL"

This principle was found in:

"An editor is obliged to hear the request of a journalist not to sign the text, photograph, drawings, illustration, audio, or video recordings if the journalist believes that it would endanger their safety."

"If, by changing of the headline, title and subtitle, an editor changed the meaning and intonation of the text, photographs, drawings, illustrations, audio and video recordings, a journalist is obliged to draw attention to the editor, and to require changes. If the editor does not accept requests from the journalist, they have the right to request the omission of signature, or to withdraw the texts, photographs, drawings, illustrations, video and audio recordings."

"in case when a journalist has a reasonable interest (personal security, etc.)."

"A journalist should refuse to sign the text, photograph, drawing, illustration, audio, or video:"

This principle was found in:

"not be obliged to remove any content which is not unlawfully defamatory"

This principle was found in:

"A publisher has the right to define editorial policy, but it must not be in conflict with the law or with the professional code."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist cannot be committed with work discipline to write or do something that does not suit his (her) own principles."

"If a journalist is forced to report contrary to his beliefs, he has the right to inform the public."

"A journalist cannot be punished for refusing to report contrary to his preferences and moral principles."

"A journalist cannot be forced to express opinions contrary to his conscience."

This principle was found in:

"The media shall be entitled to comment upon or criticise any actions or events of public interest"

"The media may strongly advocate their own views on controversial topics, provided that they clearly distinguish between fact and opinion, and not misrepresent or suppress or distort relevant facts."

"It is the right of the media to have different editorial concepts"

This principle was found in:

"It would be wrong to infer from the importance of this role that the media actually represent public opinion or that they should replace the specific functions of the public authorities or institutions of an educational or cultural character such as schools"

"Journalists should not act as representative of public opinion. Media cannot replace the specific functions of the public authorities and institutions."

This principle was found in:

"Editors' involvement must not alter the facts, context and attitudes of a journalist who signs the text/report. In case that the editor alters the facts, context and views expressed in the text/report, the journalist is obliged to clearly dissociate from these interferences."

This principle was found in:

"If more journalists/co-workers are engaged on the text/report, it is necessary to name all the persons who participated, regardless of the extent of their contribution, their status and hierarchical position in the media outlet (a part-time associate, freelance, journalist or editor)."

This principle was found in:

"state where a report is based on limited information, and supplement it once new information becomes available"

"present only what may reasonably be true as fact; opinions, allegations, rumours or suppositions shall be presented clearly as such"

"In case that a journalist estimates that the publication of unverified information or a speculation is in the public interest, he is obliged to emphasise clearly and unambiguously that the information is not confirmed."

"Publishing speculative charges, libels, rumours and fabricated letters or letters whose author is unknown or his identity is not verifiable, is incompatible with journalism."

This principle was found in:

"avoid the use of anonymous sources unless there is no other way to deal with a story, and shall take care to corroborate such information"

"Journalists and editors shall rely, as a general rule on, identified sources of information."

"Often, the use of unnamed sources of information is only the way for the source or a journalist/media to present inaccurate, incomplete or insufficiently verified information. In case it transpires that hiding the source is used to cover their absence, the credibility of journalists/media will be seriously undermined."

"A journalist is obliged to indicate the source of information."

This principle was found in:

"Two mutually independent sources of information are particularly desirable if there are indications that the official source provided incomplete andinaccurate information. The existence of two independent sources of information is equally recommended in cases when the key information originated from an anonymous or a confidential source."

This principle was found in:

"iv) Care must be taken that nothing in the report implies the relationship between the accused and the child."

"Using anonymous (confidential) sources of information is generally not recommended, unless there is no other way to acquire the information which is deemed to be of utmost importance to the public."

"Readers/viewers/listeners must be notified regarding direct benefits that the source can achieve from publishing said information. If the source has a direct interest, or is trying to deal with someone, readers/viewers/listeners must be informed."

"In contact with sources of information a special care is required to avoid real or apparent inclination, arising out of close personal relationships."

"A journalist must not blindly trust sources of information. A journalist must keep in mind that information sources often have their own interests or interests of the social groups to whom they belong, and that they adjust their statements to such interests."

This principle was found in:

"take steps to verify the accuracy of their information and, if necessary, amend it where a person requests a correction to be made to his or her personal information"

"verify the accuracy of doubtful information, if practicable; if not, this shall be stated"

"Journalists and editors must take measures to check reliability of all the reports, video- and audio materials, which came from public, freelancers, press-cutting service and other sources."

"The news which can be investigated within the boundaries of journalism shall not be published without being investigated or without being sure of their accuracy."

"Two mutually independent sources of information are particularly desirable if there are indications that the official source provided incomplete andinaccurate information. The existence of two independent sources of information is equally recommended in cases when the key information originated from an anonymous or a confidential source."

"If the source does not want to be revealed, journalists and editors have to act with due professional care and take a stand as a professional authority in support of the information and be responsible for its accuracy."

This principle was found in:

"Journalists and editors shall ensure in all their work a respect for factual truth and the right of the public to know the truth."

This principle was found in:

"Gathering and reporting of news The media shall: 1.1 take care to report news truthfully, accurately and fairly"

This principle was found in:

"It is necessary to clearly mark each photo that was not produced at the event but serves to illustrate it."

"Archival audio and video recordings must be labelled appropriately. Guidelines: y FA photo with a text report that was not produced at the event that it illustrates, must be marked as archive."

This principle was found in:

"It is necessary to clearly mark each photo that was not produced at the event but serves to illustrate it."

"Archival audio and video recordings must be labelled appropriately. Guidelines: y FA photo with a text report that was not produced at the event that it illustrates, must be marked as archive."

This principle was found in:

"Publishers must take all reasonable steps to identify and credit the originator of any third party content"

"not plagiarise."

"Publications can make reasonable use, with limited quotations, of material from another publication or holder of copyright without express permission to do so. Nevertheless, publishing of complete material concerned shall be possible only through the prior consent by the copyright holder."

"Publishers must correct any failure to credit the originator of any third party content with due prominence at the earliest opportunity."

"Publishers must take all reasonable steps to identify and credit the originator of any third party content."

"Publishers must correct any failure to credit the originator of any third party content with due prominence at the earliest opportunity."

"Plagiarism is incompatible with the status of a journalist."

"A product that is produced by a means of media with special efforts shall not be presented to the public as if it were its own product by another media without the completion of the distribution process of it. No one is allowed to apply plagiarism in publications."

"A journalist will not undersign as theirs text, drawing, illustration, photograph, video and audio clips of other authors."

"Photos cannot be leased to other individuals, organisations, institutions and media without the author?s permission."

"Violation of copyright by an unauthorised reprinting, copying photographs from print media, "downloading" photos from the Internet, is considered a severe violation of the Code."

"Photos must be signed using the name of the author or the owner of the photos."

"Media and journalists respect and application of current legislation on copyright. When permission for reproduction from another source is received, this is done with respect for the author and with naming the source. Gui"

"Forgery of documents and plagiarism are unacceptable and are considered a serious violation of standards and professional conduct of journalists. Guidelines: y Using other peoples information, ideas, research, photographs and graphics without adequate quoting of sources, is considered plagiarism, and is one of the most serious violations of professional and ethical standards. Plagiarism endangers the credibility of journalists a media company, and leads to the readers viewers listeners loss of trust of in the journalistic profession."

This principle was found in:

"A product that is produced by a means of media with special efforts shall not be presented to the public as if it were its own product by another media without the completion of the distribution process of it."

"If a work of authorship or a study is paraphrased, it is necessary to specify the author or the source."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist must notify the audience of rehearsed or reconstructed news."

This principle was found in:

"The media may strongly advocate their own views on controversial topics, provided that they clearly distinguish between fact and opinion, and not misrepresent or suppress or distort relevant facts."

"present only what may reasonably be true as fact; opinions, allegations, rumours or suppositions shall be presented clearly as such"

"A clear distinction must be drawn between news and opinions. News is information about facts and data, while opinions convey thoughts, ideas, beliefs or value judgments on the part of publishers, journalists and editors."

"Publishers must always distinguish clearly between statements of fact, conjecture and opinion."

"The Press, while free to editorialise and campaign, must distinguish clearly between comment, conjecture and fact."

"Facts, thoughts and assumptions have to be clearly separated from each other."

"but it is the obligation of journalists and editors to make a clear distinction between the facts they transmit and comments, assumptions and speculations."

This principle was found in:

"Publishing fabricated letters is not permitted, nor is the interferences with the letters without the author?s permission."

"Although the sender's address should not be published, it must be known to the editorial staff. If there is doubt regarding the identity of the sender, the letter should not be published."

"The content of the published letters must be in accordance with the principles of professional ethics."

This principle was found in:

"Comment or criticism is protected even if it is extreme, unjust, unbalanced, exaggerated and prejudiced, as long as it is without malice, is on a matter of public interest, has taken fair account of all material facts that are either true or reasonably true, and is presented in a manner that it appears clearly to be comment"

"The media may strongly advocate their own views on controversial topics, provided that they clearly distinguish between fact and opinion, and not misrepresent or suppress or distort relevant facts."

This principle was found in:

"Comment or criticism is protected even if it is extreme, unjust, unbalanced, exaggerated and prejudiced, as long as it is without malice, is on a matter of public interest, has taken fair account of all material facts that are either true or reasonably true, and is presented in a manner that it appears clearly to be comment"

"If a published comment is in contradiction to the editorial policy or the attitude of editorial stuff, it is recommended that readers/viewers/listeners are informed."

This principle was found in:

"Headlines, captions to pictures and posters shall not mislead the public and shall give a reasonable reflection of the contents of the report or picture in question"

"i) The Press must take care not to publish inaccurate, misleading or distorted information or images, including headlines not supported by the text."

"Title of the text/report is subject to the same ethical principles as the text/report."

"Title of the text/report must not be in contradiction with the essence of the text/report."

"Titles of articles or programs shall not be untrue in relation to the content of the text. The same applies to trailers and ads which promote articles and programs."

This principle was found in:

"prominently indicate when content that was published online has been amended or an apology or retraction published. The original content may continue to remain online but a link to the amendment, retraction or apology must be included in every version of the content which remains available online"

"make amends for presenting inaccurate information or comment by publishing promptly and with appropriate prominence a retraction, correction, explanation or an apology on every platform where the original content was published, such as the member’s website, social media accounts or any other online platform; and ensure that every journalist or freelancer employed by them who shared content on their personal social media accounts also shares any retraction, correction, explanation or apology relating to that content on their personal social media accounts"

This principle was found in:

"make amends for presenting inaccurate information or comment by publishing promptly and with appropriate prominence a retraction, correction, explanation or an apology on every platform where the original content was published, such as the member’s website, social media accounts or any other online platform; and ensure that every journalist or freelancer employed by them who shared content on their personal social media accounts also shares any retraction, correction, explanation or apology relating to that content on their personal social media accounts"

"It is the obligation of journalists, editors and newspapers to publish reactions and/or rebuttal when media present inaccurate information about an individual or organization."

"Journalists and their publications have a professional obligation to promptly correct any published information that is found to be inaccurate."

"Publishers must correct any significant inaccuracy with due prominence, which should normally be equal prominence, at the earliest opportunity."

"v) A publication must report fairly and accurately the outcome of an action for defamation to which it has been a party, unless an agreed settlement states otherwise, or an agreed statement is published."

"ii) A significant inaccuracy, misleading statement or distortion must be corrected, promptly and with due prominence, and - where appropriate - an apology published. In cases involving IPSO, due prominence should be as required by the regulator."

"A journalist must do everything possible to correct any published information if it turned out to be untrue."

"The media are obliged to publish, without delay, accurate and complete information, even if they have placed the information inadvertently, which subsequently turned out to be unfounded accusation, rumour, insult or a slander."

"A journalist nurtures the culture and ethics of the public word, respects the right to reply, apology and correction, and is obliged to publish a corresponding correction promptly."

"If the journalist finds out that he or she has published incorrect information, the journalist is required to do everything for his or her immediate correction without waiting to be admonished by editorial boards or concerned parties."

This principle was found in:

"The journalist is not politically active if his or her political activity could lead to a conflict of interest and his or her impartiality or objectivity can be questioned."

"The main principles governing the journalist in his or her work are impartiality, balance, objectivity, honesty, truthfulness, accountability and consistent verification of facts."

This principle was found in:

"The main principles governing the journalist in his or her work are impartiality, balance, objectivity, honesty, truthfulness, accountability and consistent verification of facts."

This principle was found in:

"present news in context and in a balanced manner, without any intentional or negligent departure from the facts whether by distortion, exaggeration or misrepresentation, material omissions, or summarization"

"Opponents' viewpoints including those who have become objects of a journalists criticism must be presented in a balanced way. Independent experts' estimations must be presented in a balanced way, as well."

This principle was found in:

"Pictures and video / audio content shall not misrepresent or mislead nor be manipulated to do so."

"Editorial correction of material including pictures, texts, headlines, video and script accordance, etc. should not distort the content of the material."

"Photomontage and processed photographs must be clearly marked and differentiated from documentary photography. The readers/viewers must not be deliberately misled."

"Any involvement (of an editor, a graphic editor, a designer, and others), in terms of image content, is impermissible without the consent of the author."

"A drastic intervention in the digital processing of documentary photography is impermissible. Only minimal adjustments (in the domain of colour, contrast, sharpness, etc.) that do not affect its contents are permitted."

"The difference between documentary photography and photo-montage must be clearly emphasized. The readers/viewers must not be misled."

"Changes to the content of photography are impermissible without the consent of the author."

"The journalist never distort the content of text, image, audio or audiovisual recordings or photographs. They may enhance it only for technical clarity and quality. Collages, mountings, reconstructions, or visualizations must be clearly labelled."

This principle was found in:

"Pictures and video / audio content shall not misrepresent or mislead nor be manipulated to do so."

"Editorial correction of material including pictures, texts, headlines, video and script accordance, etc. should not distort the content of the material."

"The journalist never distort the content of text, image, audio or audiovisual recordings or photographs. They may enhance it only for technical clarity and quality. Collages, mountings, reconstructions, or visualizations must be clearly labelled."

This principle was found in:

"Pictures and documents must not be falsified or used in a misleading fashion."

This principle was found in:

"Spreading information which contains biased or groundless accusations is inadmissible."

This principle was found in:

"Public opinion polls cannot be fabricated to find out a result defined in advance."

"When publishing the results of public opinion polls, it is recommended to indicate: the name of the agency that conducted the poll, purchaser of the research, the number of people interviewed, the time when the study was conducted, questions asked."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist is obliged to report on the events of public interest accurately, objectively, comprehensively and in a timely fashion,"

"The main principles governing the journalist in his or her work are impartiality, balance, objectivity, honesty, truthfulness, accountability and consistent verification of facts."

This principle was found in:

"seek, if practicable, the views of the subject of critical reportage in advance of publication, except when they might be prevented from reporting, or evidence destroyed, or sources intimidated. Such a subject should be afforded reasonable time to respond; if unable to obtain comment, this shall be stated"

"In reporting and commenting on a controversy, newspapers and periodicals shall make an effort to hear and represent all sides to the argument. If one side in a controversy refuses to make itself available to the journalist, the publication may legitimately note this refusal in its reporting."

"A journalist is obliged to consult at least two independent sources of information that will confirm or deny the given information."

"When necessary a journalist is obliged to consult as many sources as possible, and enable them to present their views."

This principle was found in:

"Pictures and documents must not be falsified or used in a misleading fashion."

"Publishers must take reasonable steps to ensure that journalists do not fabricate sources."

"Whilst free to be partisan, publishers must not misrepresent or distort the facts."

"The Press must take care not to publish inaccurate, misleading or distorted information or images, including headlines not supported by the text."

"Inventing anonymous sources is a serious offense to the standards of journalists' professional conduct."

"Forgery of documents and plagiarism are unacceptable and are considered a serious violation of standards and professional conduct of journalists."

"Publishing fabricated letters is not permitted, nor is the interferences with the letters without the author?s permission."

"Editorial processing of the Press Release must not alter the facts, the context in which they are used, or their meaning."

This principle was found in:

"Keeping secret the facts that might significantly affect the public perception of an event is equal to their deliberate distortion or lying."

"A journalist is obliged to report on the events of public interest accurately, objectively, comprehensively and in a timely fashion,"

This principle was found in:

"take care to report news truthfully, accurately and fairly;"

"Publishers must take all reasonable steps to ensure accuracy."

"The Press must take care not to publish inaccurate, misleading or distorted information or images, including headlines not supported by the text."

"The news which can be investigated within the boundaries of journalism shall not be published without being investigated or without being sure of their accuracy."

"The time record set for the date of publication shall be respected."

"A journalist is obliged to report on the events of public interest accurately, objectively, comprehensively and in a timely fashion,"

"The journalist and media are obliged to refuse publishing untrue, distorted or incomplete information."

"The journalist is obliged to verify every piece of information that he or she publishes. The information must be verified at least in two independent sources."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist should resist any pressure to freely exercise the profession, as well as any form of censorship. A journalist receives responsibilities only from the editors. A journalist must not postpone publishing relevant information, except for the necessary checks of accuracy."

"Political or ideological background of the information, should not affect the decision of its publication, even in the case when the political or ideological background is contrary to political convictions of journalists, editors or the media owners."

"Possible effect of the published information on the media or the media owner should not affect the decision of its publication."

"Professional and ethical standards defined in the Code aspire to improve the reputation of the journalistic profession, promote commitment to freedom of thought, speech and expression, as well as the independence of the media."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist/an editor must not sell documents, audio/video, books and other materials received for the purpose of media coverage. These materials should not be shared with other media without the consent of the source of information."

"A journalist must not receive or request financial or any other benefit for collecting, publishing, postponing or preventing the gathering or publishing of information."

This principle was found in:

"Self-censorship is considered to be a violation of professional and ethical standards."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist should resist any outside interference in the content, no matter if it is a direct pressure or actions that have got features of an indirect interference."

"An editor is obliged to protect a journalist from all forms of censorship and pressure that are known, regardless of whether they originate from a publisher an owner, the state, interest groups or anyone else."

"A journalist an editor should inform the public about the pressures that threaten the freedom of information and independence of the media."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist must be particularly careful when using press releases, articles and other material from PR and marketing agencies, since they primarily aim to provide for their clients (directly or indirectly) free and favourable publicity."

"Political parties Press Releases or that of other interest groups must be marked as such. In case that the Press Release is processed by the editorial board, readers/viewers/listeners must be informed about the primary source of information."

This principle was found in:

"The journalist is not obliged to accede to a request from the respondent for additional correction, non-disclosure or non-broadcast of information obtained in accordance with this Code of Ethics as long the respondent has previously agreed to the disclosure. In justified cases, the journalist may accept an agreement on its subsequent authorization before the interview starts. If the respondent requests an authorization, the journalist is required to inform him or her that it is possible to edit only the respondent's direct citations, and it is not possible to change meanings of the answers or remove the answers which have been mentioned in the original interview. The authorization of a record or text shall be limited solely to the statements made by the respondent himself or herself. The journalist shall not accept an agreement that would allow the respondent to agree to use his or her statement only in the context of the entire program or article."

This principle was found in:

"Work in counterintelligence, intelligence and other security services or work for these services is incompatible with the profession."

"Work in PR and marketing agencies, lobbying agencies, public bodies and institutions, and political parties, is incompatible with the profession."

This principle was found in:

"indicate clearly when an outside organization has contributed to the cost of newsgathering; and"

"Sponsored material shall indicate prominently and clearly the source of sponsorship."

"Editorial staff is responsible for covering business expenses for its journalists, their salary, travel expenses of journalists on assignment, tickets for various events, etc."

"If the report covers topics which are a part of a study tour, professional training or scholarship, which are organised and paid for by the state authorities, international and local nongovernmental organizations and foundations, political parties, companies and other, then it must be unequivocally stated in the text report."

"If an individual or an organization pays for the journalist an editor editorial staff their travel expenses, they are obliged to indicate this fact in the text report."

"If a journalist meets the other party in a restaurant, the cost should be borne by the editorial staff. In case that this is impossible, the journalist should insist on meeting in a place that does not require unwarranted expenditure."

"If someone other than the journalist, media or editorial board covers the costs of the journalist's trips, other expenses or part of his or her expenses, the journalist alerts readers, listeners or viewers accordingly."

"The journalist must not accept gifts or other benefits that can jeopardize his or her impartiality and objectivity that may be perceived as an attempt to influence his or her work. An exception to this rule is usually the provision of small advertising items and refreshments at press conferences and other events addressed to the public and media representatives."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist must not use his (her) official position for private profit, with the purpose of easy money, self-advertisement, making his (her) own ways up or willing to please any powers or individuals."

"The journalist does not use the privileges of his or her profession for his or her private benefit; the journalist does not show his or her journalistic license or indicate an affiliation with media in situations unrelated to the direct exercise of his or her profession."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist is obliged to refuse a gift if it can be reasonably assumed that the gift is connected with the exercise of their profession and that it could affect the objectivity of their work. A journalist is obliged to report to the editorial staff if they are offered or have received gifts in connection with performing their journalistic duty."

This principle was found in:

"Journalists and editors shall not accept specific acts of benevolence that affect their independence."

"Illegal receiving of profit or any benefits for any journalistic material done or not done is incompatible with the status of a journalist."

This principle was found in:

"News organizations shall demonstrate transparency in matters of media ownership and management, enabling citizens to ascertain clearly the identity of proprietors and the extent of their economic interest in the media."

"If a report deals with individuals and companies that have an ownership stake in the media, it is recommended that a journalist/an editor indicates that fact."

This principle was found in:

"A publisher/an owner should not alter the editorial policy of the media at his own discretion, without the consent of the editorial board."

This principle was found in:

"Economic and political interests of a publisher must not affect the editorial policy in a manner that would result in inaccurate, biased, incomplete and untimely informing of the public."

"Openly advocating for a political party is incompatible with the journalistic profession."

This principle was found in:

"The journalist is not politically active if his or her political activity could lead to a conflict of interest and his or her impartiality or objectivity can be questioned."

This principle was found in:

"keep editorial material clearly distinct from advertising and sponsored events"

"Publishers must clearly identify content that appears to be editorial but has been paid for, financially or through a reciprocal arrangement, by a third party."

"Information and analytical materials must be distinctively separated from advertising by particular headings."

"These qualifications of publications, which are announcements and advertisements in nature, are stated in a way that leaves no room for doubt."

"A journalist/an editor is obliged to refuse the placement of commercial advertising or political propaganda in the form of journalistic expression."

"advertisements and paid notifications must be clearly labelled. In the case of commercial text, the article must not give the impression that it is an independent work of the journalist. The journalist and media have a right and duty to refuse publishing a hidden advertisement."

This principle was found in:

"Advertisements and paid notifications must be clearly labelled. In the case of commercial text, the article must not give the impression that it is an independent work of the journalist. The journalist and media have a right and duty to refuse publishing a hidden advertisement."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist/an editor must not agree to place in any media format any form of commercial advertising or political propaganda. The journalist will not undersign commercial advertising or political propaganda"

This principle was found in:

"A journalist should not report on the stocks that they own or with which they intends to trade."

"A journalist must not be in any kind of a business relationship with the subjects whose activities they cover."

"Economic and political interests of a publisher must not affect the editorial policy in a manner that would result in inaccurate, biased, incomplete and untimely informing of the public."

"A publisher/an owner has an indisputable right to earn a profit and use it as a guideline in media management. At the same time, the purpose of the media is the public interest, and ownership rights must not violate it. Business, political and private interests of a publisher/an owner must not be an excuse or justification for violation of this Code."

This principle was found in:

"Publishers must ensure that information about financial products is objectively presented and that any interests or conflicts of interest are effectively disclosed."

"A journalist has no right to use financial data before publishing with the purpose of his (her) own enrichment."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist should not report on the stocks that they own or with which they intends to trade."

"A journalist must not be in any kind of a business relationship with the subjects whose activities they cover."

This principle was found in:

"not allow commercial, political, personal or other non-professional considerations to influence reporting, and avoid conflicts of interest as well as practices that could lead readers to doubt the media’s independence and professionalism"

"Publishers must ensure that information about financial products is objectively presented and that any interests or conflicts of interest are effectively disclosed."

"Publishers must ensure that significant conflicts of interest are disclosed."

"A journalist should inform the editor if their personal, economic, political and other interests are intertwined with professional duties."

"A journalist should not be engaged in a sector in which a member of his (near and far) family or a close friend has decision making power."

"A journalist/an editor should not report on topics in which there is a personal, political or commercial interest, for example as a member of a managing, supervisory body or a board of directors of the company/organization/club, and other."

"A journalist should do everything possible to avoid situations that could lead to a conflict of interest, real or apparent, and that could lead them to compromise their reputation or the reputation of the profession. A journalist who cannot avoid a conflict of interest is obliged to notify the editor without delay."

"A journalist does not report on issues in which they have private (personal or group) interest."

"The journalist is not politically active if his or her political activity could lead to a conflict of interest and his or her impartiality or objectivity can be questioned."

"If the editorial board finds itself in a conflict of interest, in particular when it informs about media activities or about persons connected directly or indirectly to media, the journalist informs the public about it in an appropriate manner. The journalist must not use the information he or she has gained during his or her work for own benefit as long it has not been published."

"The journalist has a right to personal integrity. If he or she finds himself or herself in a conflict of interest, especially when he or she is working on a topic that concerns or may concern the journalist himself or herself, his or her close persons (§ 116 of the Civil Code) or his or her economic interests, the journalist informs his or her editorial board about this fact. The journalist must not continue to work on the topic with conflict of interest unless the editorial board gives him permission to do so and the journalist informs adequately the public about the possible conflict of interest."

This principle was found in:

"Journalists shall not accept posts, bribes or other inducements which cause a conflict of interest with their profession, and which compromise their professional and moral credibility."

This principle was found in:

"not accept any benefit which may influence coverage"

"not allow commercial, political, personal or other non-professional considerations to influence reporting, and avoid conflicts of interest as well as practices that could lead readers to doubt the media’s independence and professionalism"

This principle was found in:

"A journalist who abides by professional and ethical standards is entitled to legal and material assistance in protection from violence, threats, insults and other negative consequences for performing the journalistic profession."

"A journalist who abides by this Code enjoys the support and protection of their professional associations."

This principle was found in:

"The journalist respects the basic principles of the democratic and legal state, the Constitutional Order of the Slovak Republic as well as the applicable Law and generally accepted moral principles."

This principle was found in:

"The journalist does not directly or indirectly support violations of human rights, violence or environmental damage"

This principle was found in:

"The journalist avoids carrying out his/her duties through methods and with attitudes that may jeopardize his/her title."

This principle was found in:

"The journalist has an obligation to discover and publish the unethical and unlawful actions of his or her colleagues."

This principle was found in:

"The Code recommends solidarity with colleagues when the journalists' professional conduct and standards are endangered."

This principle was found in:

"The journalist is transparent about his assignment and how the assignment was approached. As far as possible and relevant, he communicates clearly on this to his public or audience."

This principle was found in:

"The media’s work is guided at all times by the public interest, understood to describe information of legitimate interest or importance to citizens."

"(c) The action is likely to achieve the desired outcome; and"

"(b) They could not have achieved the same result using measures that are compliant with the Code;"

"(a) The action is in the public interest;"

"The following provisions apply where a publisher is about to undertake an action that they think would otherwise breach the Code, but for which they believe they have a public interest justification. The action might be a particular method of newsgathering or publication of an item of content. Before undertaking the action, the publisher should, where practicable, make a contemporaneous note, which establishes why they believe that:"

"(i) The discussion or analysis of artistic or cultural works."

"(h) The prevention and detection of crime; and"

"(e) Open, fair and effective justice; (f) Public health and safety; (g) National security;"

"(d) The proper administration of government;"

"(c) Revealing that a person or organisation may be failing to comply with any legal obligation they have;"

"(b) Putting the record straight where an individual or organisation has misled the public on a matter of public importance;"

"(a) The revelation or discussion of matters such as serious incompetence or unethical behaviour that affects the public;"

"In certain circumstances, there may be a public interest justification for a particular method of newsgathering or publication of an item of content that might otherwise breach the Code. Where a public interest exception may apply, this is identified in the relevant clause. A public interest means that the public has a legitimate stake in a story because of the contribution it makes to a matter of importance to society. Such interests include, but are not limited to, the following:"

"(d) Any likely harm caused by the action does not outweigh the public interest in the action."

"5. An exceptional public interest would need to be demonstrated to over-ride the normally paramount interests of children under 16."

"4. Editors invoking the public interest will need to demonstrate that they reasonably believed publication - or journalistic activity taken with a view to publication – would both serve, and be proportionate to, the public interest and explain how they reached that decision at the time."

"3. The regulator will consider the extent to which material is already in the public domain or will become so."

"Disclosing concealment, or likely concealment, of any of the above. 2. There is a public interest in freedom of expression itself."

"Raising or contributing to a matter of public debate, including serious cases of impropriety, unethical conduct or incompetence concerning the public."

"Disclosing a miscarriage of justice."

"Disclosing a person or organisations failure or likely failure to comply with any obligation to which they are subject."

"Protecting the public from being misled by an action or statement of an individual or organisation."

"There may be exceptions to the clauses marked * where they can be demonstrated to be in the public interest. 1. The public interest includes, but is not confined to: ? Detecting or exposing crime, or the threat of crime, or serious impropriety. ? Protecting public health or safety."

"It balances both the rights of the individual and the publics right to know."

"In the context of this Code, the public interest includes publishing all important information which is helpful to the reader listener viewer in forming their judgment opinion regarding various phenomena and events."

"An important public interest is in particular: a) prevent the abuse of a public authority, b) proper functioning of the political system and public institutions, c) protection of life, health, safety and property of citizens, d) protection of morals and fundamental social values, ne) protection of the environment, cultural heritage or cultural monuments."

"An important public interest means an interest which brings significant benefits to a substantial part of society, contributes to the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms or to the protection of the principles of the democratic and legal state."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist must oppose all those who violate human rights or promote any kind of discrimination, hate speech and incitement to violence."

"The journalist does not directly or indirectly support violations of human rights, violence or environmental damage"

This principle was found in:

"Primary values of journalist's work are values of personal freedom, justice and decency. In their work, they promote these values in society."

This principle was found in:

"The media exist to serve society. Their freedom provides for independent scrutiny of the forces that shape society, and is essential to realising the promise of democracy. It enables citizens to make informed judgments on the issues of the day, a role whose centrality is recognised in the South African Constitution."

This principle was found in:

"It is the duty of journalists and publishers to respect the needs of citizens for timely and relevant information. Journalists and publishers shall defend the principles of freedom of information, the right of fair comment and critical journalism."

"The publics right to receive information and the right to learn the facts are under protection."

"Considering that the main function in journalism is to find out and reflect the facts to the public without distorting and exaggerating;"

This principle was found in:

"Freedom of speech and expression are an inseparable part of journalistic work."

"There shall be no publication limiting the freedom of thought, conscience and expression,"

"Professional and ethical standards defined in the Code aspire to improve the reputation of the journalistic profession, promote commitment to freedom of thought, speech and expression, as well as the independence of the media."

"while respecting the publics right to know the truth and respecting the basic standards of the journalistic profession."

"The media are obliged to place above all other interests, the interest of the public, providing comprehensive, timely and truthful informing."

"Primary values of journalist's work are values of personal freedom, justice and decency. In their work, they promote these values in society."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist has the right to investigate all circumstances and facts regarding the events that are of public interest."

"A journalist has the right, in relation to the state and other institutions, to continually ask questions that they believe are of public interest, regardless of whether they are asked to stop or not."

"Publishing information marked as confidential is permitted only if it is established that the publics right to be informed is a priority to the causes of confidentiality."

This principle was found in:

"Publishers, editors and journalists shall not consider that they own the news."

"It is the duty of journalists and publishers to respect the needs of citizens for timely and relevant information. Journalists and publishers shall defend the principles of freedom of information, the right of fair comment and critical journalism."

This principle was found in:

"Editing means managing the entire process of acquiring and processing information intended for publication or broadcast, deciding whether to publish or broadcast, choosing the length, genre and order in which they are published or broadcast or selecting the context in which it is published."

"Editing means a text, audio, audiovisual and image modification in terms of semantic structure, dramaturgical construction, real and factual accuracy, grammatical accuracy and clarity."

"The management of each editorial board has the right to decide on the issues to be addressed by journalists and other contributors, to determine the way they are processed and to decide not to publish the work. Editing and redacting text, audio, audiovisual or image recording is not considered to be the censorship."

"The censorship is incompatible with the ethical rules of journalistic work and it is forbidden."

"The censorship means a restriction, deliberate misrepresentation or non-disclosure of information, audio, audiovisual or image recordings if it occurred for political, economic or personal reasons."

This principle was found in:

"The critical observation of the implementation of political and economic power shall be among the main obligation of the press."

"Serving the interests of the government or owners, not the society, is a breach of the ethics code."

"A journalist is primarily responsible to their readers, listeners and viewers. This responsibility must not be subordinate to the interests of others, particularly the interest of publishers, government and other state institutions."

"Journalists, that is editors, are professionally accountable to the public (readers viewers listeners), and not the publisher owner (the state and interest groups), and their private, economic, political and other interests."

"The media are obliged to place above all other interests, the interest of the public, providing comprehensive, timely and truthful informing."

This principle was found in:

"afford special weight to South African cultural customs concerning the protection of privacy and dignity of people who are bereaved and their respect for those who have passed away, as well as concerning children, the aged and the physically and mentally disabled;"

This principle was found in:

"Editorial boards and journalists in managing positions respect diversity of opinion and equal opportunities regardless of gender, age, race, nationality, ethnic origin, social status, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, political, social and cultural affiliation of the journalist."

"The journalist is obliged to provide co-operation in legal and administrative proceedings against his or her colleagues or media if such proceedings are related to the activity of the journalist."

"Such consent is also required if the post is to be published under a brand name, pseudonym or anonymously."

"A post intended to be published which content has been edited by editorial board in such a way that its original meaning has changed; it may only be published with the consent of the author."

"The journalist must not be forced to do activities or make viewpoints that are against his or her convictions; for the exercise of this right, the other rights shall not be denied to the journalist."

"Editorial boards and journalists in the managing positions protect the journalist's freedom of expression and, where appropriate, provide him or her with an adequate legal protection."

"The journalist in the managing position actively supports compliance with this Code of Conduct."

This principle was found in:

"Editors must maintain in-house procedures to resolve complaints swiftly and, where required to do so, co- operate with IPSO. A publication subject to an adverse adjudication must publish it in full and with due prominence, as required by IPSO."

"Anyone who feels that a journalist violated any provision of this Code may address the Court of Honour and the Press Council."

This principle was found in:

"The media which transmit agency news bear responsibility for the information published. If the agency is named as a source of information, shortening or a adding of information must not change the elementary meaning, or the conclusion that the agency placed."

This principle was found in:

"It is the responsibility of editors and publishers to apply the Code to editorial material in both printed and online versions of their publications. They should take care to ensure it is observed rigorously by all editorial staff and external contributors, including non-journalists."

"Editors and publishers are responsible for the application of this Code."

This principle was found in:

"The main principles governing the journalist in his or her work are impartiality, balance, objectivity, honesty, truthfulness, accountability and consistent verification of facts."

This principle was found in:

"Members must ensure that when they share content created by a third party through their social media accounts (for example by retweeting) they do so in a manner that is compliant with this Code"

This principle was found in:

"Respect privacy settings when reporting on social media content"

This principle was found in:

"13. Principles The media: \n13.1 are not obliged to moderate all user-generated content (UGC) in advance; \n13.2 shall have a UGC Policy, consistent with the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, governing moderation and/or removal of UGC or user profiles posted; \n13.3 may remove any UGC or user profile in accordance with their policy; 13.4 must make their policy publicly available and set out clearly the: \n13.4.1 authorisation process, if any, which would-be users must follow, as well as any terms, conditions and indemnity clauses during such registration process; 13.4.2 content which shall be prohibited; and \n13.4.3 manner in which the public may inform them of prohibited content; 13.5 should, where practicable, place a notice on the platforms to discourage the posting of prohibited content; \n13.6 should inform the public that UGC is posted directly by users, and does not necessarily reflect their views; \n13.7 shall encourage users to report content which may violate the provisions of their policy; and \n13.8 shall particularly carefully monitor online forums directed at children."

This principle was found in:

"avoid content which depicts violent crime or other violence or explicit sex, unless the public interest dictates otherwise – in which case a prominently displayed warning must indicate that such content is graphic and inappropriate for certain audiences such as children"

"exercise due care and responsibility when presenting brutality, violence and suffering"

"not sanction, promote or glamorise violence or unlawful conduct"

"balance their right and duty to report and comment on all matters of legitimate public interest against the obligation not to publish material that amounts to propaganda for war, incitement of imminent violence or hate speech – that is, advocacy of hatred that is based on race, ethnicity, gender or religion, and that constitutes incitement to cause harm."

"The press shall under no circumstances incite criminal acts or violence."

"A journalist must oppose all those who violate human rights or promote any kind of discrimination, hate speech and incitement to violence."

"The journalist does not directly or indirectly support violations of human rights, violence or environmental damage"

This principle was found in:

"When reporting on suicide or self-harm, publishers must not provide excessive details of the method used or speculate on the motives."

"When reporting suicide, to prevent simulative acts care should be taken to avoid excessive detail of the method used, while taking into account the medias right to report legal proceedings."

This principle was found in:

"not identify rape survivors, survivors of sexual violence which includes sexual intimidation and harassment* or disclose the HIV / AIDS status of people without their consent and, in the case of children, from their legal guardian or a similarly responsible adult as well as from the child (taking into consideration the evolving capacity of the child), and a public interest is evident, and it is in the best interests of the child"

"Publishers must preserve the anonymity of victims of sexual offences, except as permitted by law or with the express consent of the person."

"Journalists are entitled to make enquiries but must take care and exercise discretion to avoid the unjustified disclosure of the identity of a victim of sexual assault."

"The press must not identify or publish material likely to lead to the identification of a victim of sexual assault unless there is adequate justification and they are legally free to do so."

"iv) Care must be taken that nothing in the report implies the relationship between the accused and the child."

"The press must not, even if legally free to do so, identify children under 16 who are victims or witnesses in cases involving sex offences. In any press report of a case involving a sexual offence against a child"

"When reporting on accidents and crimes, publishing the names and photographs of victims and perpetrators that clearly identify them is not permitted. Also, publishing any information which could indirectly reveal the identity of either victim, or the perpetrator, before the relevant authority officially announces is not allowed."

"A journalist is obliged to respect and protect the rights and dignity of children, victims of crimes, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups."

"A journalist must take into consideration a possibility of being exposed to abuse and manipulation by alleged victims of certain offenses."

"If a victim of a crime consents to be interviewed, a journalist must not reveal the identity of the victim or a possible perpetrator, on the basis of that conversation."

"People who are not experienced in communication with journalists, are unaware of the consequences of their actions or find themselves in a particularly difficult life situation, especially victims or witnesses of crimes, accidents or other events that may cause to a person emotional stress, the journalist approaches them with increased sensitivity and responsibility."

This principle was found in:

"The journalist respects the presumption of innocence including persons suspected of committing a crime, accused of committing a crime or charged with a crime. The names of people suspected of criminal activity are disclosed only if releasing their names is an important public interest."

This principle was found in:

"Publishers must not make payments, or offer to make payments, to witnesses or defendants in criminal proceedings, except as permitted by law."

"Publishers must not significantly impede or obstruct any criminal investigations or prejudice any criminal proceedings."

"*iii) Any payment or offer of payment made to a person later cited to give evidence in proceedings must be disclosed to the prosecution and defence. The witness must be advised of this requirement."

"*ii) Where proceedings are not yet active but are likely and foreseeable, editors must not make or offer payment to any person who may reasonably be expected to be called as a witness, unless the information concerned ought demonstrably to be published in the public interest and there is an over-riding need to make or promise payment for this to be done; and all reasonable steps have been taken to ensure no financial dealings influence the evidence those witnesses give. In no circumstances should such payment be conditional on the outcome of a trial."

"i) No payment or offer of payment to a witness – or any person who may reasonably be expected to be called as a witness – should be made in any case once proceedings are active as defined by the Contempt of Court Act 1981. This prohibition lasts until the suspect has been freed unconditionally by police without charge or bail or the proceedings are otherwise discontinued; or has entered a guilty plea to the court; or, in the event of a not guilty plea, the court has announced its verdict."

"In cases involving personal grief or shock, enquiries and approaches must be made with sympathy and discretion and publication handled sensitively. These provisions should not restrict the right to report legal proceedings."

"Court procedures coverage must be impartial. A journalist cannot call a person criminal before a conformable court verdict is announced."

"Reporting on criminal offenses, during the conversation with potential witnesses, a journalist must be careful not to disclose the identity of a victim or the identity and the right to the presumption of innocence of a suspect"

This principle was found in:

"Court procedures coverage must be impartial. A journalist cannot call a person criminal before a conformable court verdict is announced."

"Acts considered as crime according to the law cannot be attributed to anyone unless there are reasonable reasons to believe that it is true."

"No one shall be declared 'guilty' unless it is determined by the judicial system."

"Reporting on criminal offenses, during the conversation with potential witnesses, a journalist must be careful not to disclose the identity of a victim or the identity and the right to the presumption of innocence of a suspect"

"The media are obliged to respect the right to the presumption of innocence and to protect the privacy and identity of the suspect or the perpetrator, even in the case of admission of guilt."

"A journalist is obliged to respect the presumption of innocence and must not proclaim anyone guilty before the Courts verdict."

"The journalist respects the presumption of innocence including persons suspected of committing a crime, accused of committing a crime or charged with a crime. The names of people suspected of criminal activity are disclosed only if releasing their names is an important public interest."

This principle was found in:

"ii) Editors invoking the public interest to justify payment or offers would need to demonstrate that there was good reason to believe the public interest would be served. If, despite payment, no public interest emerged, then the material should not be published."

"i) Payment or offers of payment for stories, pictures or information, which seek to exploit a particular crime or to glorify or glamorise crime in general, must not be made directly or via agents to convicted or confessed criminals or to their associates – who may include family, friends and colleagues."

"i) Relatives or friends of persons convicted or accused of crime should not generally be identified without their consent, unless they are genuinely relevant to the story."

"When reporting on accidents and crimes, publishing the names and photographs of victims and perpetrators that clearly identify them is not permitted. Also, publishing any information which could indirectly reveal the identity of either victim, or the perpetrator, before the relevant authority officially announces is not allowed."

"In reporting crimes, national, racial, religious, ideological and political affiliation, as well as sexual orientation, social and marital status of suspects or victims, are mentioned only in case when the orientation, citizenship or status are directly related to the type and nature of a committed criminal offense."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist must never abuse the emotions of other people, their ignorance or lack of judgement. Guidelines: y Sources of information with which journalists converse are not always aware of the power of the media and the consequences that their statements may have on them personally, as well as on people they are talking about. Conscious abuse is incompatible with journalism, as well as inattention whose possible consequence could be abuse of the collocutor."

"People who are not experienced in communication with journalists, are unaware of the consequences of their actions or find themselves in a particularly difficult life situation, especially victims or witnesses of crimes, accidents or other events that may cause to a person emotional stress, the journalist approaches them with increased sensitivity and responsibility."

This principle was found in:

"avoid content which depicts violent crime or other violence or explicit sex, unless the public interest dictates otherwise – in which case a prominently displayed warning must indicate that such content is graphic and inappropriate for certain audiences such as children"

This principle was found in:

"Publishers must not directly or indirectly identify persons under the age of 18 who are or have been involved in criminal or family proceedings, except as permitted by law."

"iii) Editors should generally avoid naming children under the age of 18 after arrest for a criminal offence but before they appear in a youth court unless they can show that the individuals name is already in the public domain, or that the individual (or, if they are under 16, a custodial parent or similarly responsible adult) has given their consent. This does not restrict the right to name juveniles who appear in a crown court, or whose anonymity is lifted."

This principle was found in:

"Treatment of stories involving personal tragedy shall be handled sensitively, and the affected individuals shall be approached with sympathy and discretion."

"Take all reasonable steps not to exacerbate grief or distress through intrusive newsgathering or reporting."

"In cases involving personal grief or shock, enquiries and approaches must be made with sympathy and discretion and publication handled sensitively. These provisions should not restrict the right to report legal proceedings."

"When reporting on events involving personal pain and shock, a journalist is obliged to adapt their questions so that they reflect the spirit of compassion and discretion. Guidelines: y Photographers and cameramen are obliged to act with respect and compassion when taking pictures of victims of accidents and crimes."

"Journalists and editors should especially avoid speculations and transmitting insufficiently verifiable attitudes in reporting on accidents and tragedies which have resulted in deaths or when the financial and other interests of the citizens are severely affected."

"In case of death of a public figure, the media must be particularly careful with the information which subsequently associates that person with an offense or discriminatory information. Even when it comes to information of public importance, a journalist must be aware that the deceased persons are legally released from further prosecution."

"A journalist must never abuse the emotions of other people, their ignorance or lack of judgement. Guidelines: y Sources of information with which journalists converse are not always aware of the power of the media and the consequences that their statements may have on them personally, as well as on people they are talking about. Conscious abuse is incompatible with journalism, as well as inattention whose possible consequence could be abuse of the collocutor."

"A journalist is obliged to respect and protect the rights and dignity of children, victims of crimes, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups."

"Victims and suspects are often not aware of the power of the media. A journalist is obliged to take that into consideration, and not to abuse the ignorance of their collocutors."

"People who are not experienced in communication with journalists, are unaware of the consequences of their actions or find themselves in a particularly difficult life situation, especially victims or witnesses of crimes, accidents or other events that may cause to a person emotional stress, the journalist approaches them with increased sensitivity and responsibility."

This principle was found in:

"The right of reply shall be extended to relevant persons if the publication concerned determines that fairness and impartiality merit such a step. There shall be an opportunity for immediate response with the same newspaper."

"It is the obligation of journalists, editors and newspapers to publish reactions and/or rebuttal when media present inaccurate information about an individual or organization."

"A fair opportunity to reply to significant inaccuracies should be given, when reasonably called for."

"The press organs respect the right to reply and denounce regarding the wrong publications."

"A journalist nurtures the culture and ethics of the public word, respects the right to reply, apology and correction, and is obliged to publish a corresponding correction promptly."

This principle was found in:

"If the journalist wants to publish the same or similar article in multiple media, he or she must alert all media. This also applies to cases where two journalists from two different media work on an interview together and they publish it in own media under own name without mentioning the colleagues name."

This principle was found in:

"not identify children who have been victims of abuse or exploitation, or who have been charged with or convicted of a crime, without the consent of their legal guardians (or a similarly responsible adult) and the child (taking into consideration the evolving capacity of the child), a public interest is evident and it is in the best interests of the child"

"not publish child pornography"

"exercise exceptional care and consideration when reporting about children. If there is any chance that coverage might cause harm of any kind to a child, he or she shall not be interviewed, photographed or identified without the consent of a legal guardian or of a similarly responsible adult and the child (taking into consideration the evolving capacity of the child); and a public interest is eviden"

"Newspapers and periodicals shall not, under any circumstances, identify children under the age of 15 who are involved in criminal cases as victims, witnesses or defendants."

"Journalists should not interview or photograph children under the age of 15 on matters involving the childs family without the consent of a parent or other adult responsible for the child."

"Publishers must give reasonable consideration to the request of a person who, when under the age of 16 years, was identified in their publication and now wishes the online version of the relevant article(s) to be anonymised."

"Except where there is an exceptional public interest, publishers must not identify a child under the age of 16 years without the consent of the child or a responsible adult unless this is relevant to the story and not detrimental to the safety and wellbeing of the child."

"Except where there is an exceptional public interest, publishers must only interview, photograph, or otherwise record or publish the words, actions or images of a child under the age of 16 years with the consent of the child or a responsible adult and where this is not detrimental to the safety and wellbeing of the child. While a child should have every opportunity to express his or her wishes, journalists have a responsibility to consider carefully the age and capacity of the child to consent. Unless there is a detriment to the safety and wellbeing of a child, this provision does not apply to images of general scenes."

"ii) Particular regard should be paid to the potentially vulnerable position of children under the age of 18 who witness, or are victims of, crime. This should not restrict the right to report legal proceedings."

"iv) Care must be taken that nothing in the report implies the relationship between the accused and the child."

"The press must not, even if legally free to do so, identify children under 16 who are victims or witnesses in cases involving sex offences. In any press report of a case involving a sexual offence against a child"

"v) Editors must not use the fame, notoriety or position of a parent or guardian as sole justification for publishing details of a child's private life."

"iv) Children under 16 must not be paid for material involving their welfare, nor parents or guardians for material about their children or wards, unless it is clearly in the child's interest."

"iii) Children under 16 must not be interviewed or photographed on issues involving their own or another child's welfare unless a custodial parent or similarly responsible adult consents."

"ii) They must not be approached or photographed at school without permission of the school authorities."

"i) All pupils should be free to complete their time at school without unnecessary intrusion."

"A journalist has to be especially careful covering issues connected to children. A journalist and editor must have valid reasons to cover the private life of minors and permission from his (her) parents or guardians. It is inadmissible to uncover the names of minors (or other features of recognition), who became participants of events, connected to crime or violence."

"A journalist is obliged to ensure that a child is not endangered or placed at risk due to the publication of their name, photograph or recording with their image, house, the community in which they live or recognisable surroundings."

"Juveniles, as a rule, may be interviewed only in the presence of, or with the consent of their parents or legal guardians."

"A journalist is obliged to respect and protect the rights and dignity of children, victims of crimes, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups."

"A journalist is forbidden from using inappropriate, disturbing, pornographic and other content that may have harmful effects on children."

"The journalist uses children and adolescents as a source of information only in exceptional cases with particular regard to their moral and emotional development"

This principle was found in:

"The journalist is not obliged to accede to a request from the respondent for additional correction, non-disclosure or non-broadcast of information obtained in accordance with this Code of Ethics as long the respondent has previously agreed to the disclosure. In justified cases, the journalist may accept an agreement on its subsequent authorization before the interview starts. If the respondent requests an authorization, the journalist is required to inform him or her that it is possible to edit only the respondent's direct citations, and it is not possible to change meanings of the answers or remove the answers which have been mentioned in the original interview. The authorization of a record or text shall be limited solely to the statements made by the respondent himself or herself. The journalist shall not accept an agreement that would allow the respondent to agree to use his or her statement only in the context of the entire program or article."

This principle was found in:

"not publish information that constitutes a breach of confidence"

"Journalists are not obliged to offer text authorisation to an interviewee. If, in agreement with the editors, authorisation is granted, the interviewee has no right to change the journalists' questions, the meaning and context of the answers."

"The journalist is not obliged to accede to a request from the respondent for additional correction, non-disclosure or non-broadcast of information obtained in accordance with this Code of Ethics as long the respondent has previously agreed to the disclosure. In justified cases, the journalist may accept an agreement on its subsequent authorization before the interview starts. If the respondent requests an authorization, the journalist is required to inform him or her that it is possible to edit only the respondent's direct citations, and it is not possible to change meanings of the answers or remove the answers which have been mentioned in the original interview. The authorization of a record or text shall be limited solely to the statements made by the respondent himself or herself. The journalist shall not accept an agreement that would allow the respondent to agree to use his or her statement only in the context of the entire program or article."

This principle was found in:

"The media shall avoid shady journalism in which informants are paid to induce them to give the information, particularly when they are criminals – except where the material concerned ought to be published in the public interest and the payment is necessary for this to be done."

"Except where justified by an exceptional public interest, publishers must not pay public officials for information."

"Publishers must not make payments, or offer to make payments, to witnesses or defendants in criminal proceedings, except as permitted by law"

"ii) Editors invoking the public interest to justify payment or offers would need to demonstrate that there was good reason to believe the public interest would be served. If, despite payment, no public interest emerged, then the material should not be published."

"i) Payment or offers of payment for stories, pictures or information, which seek to exploit a particular crime or to glorify or glamorise crime in general, must not be made directly or via agents to convicted or confessed criminals or to their associates – who may include family, friends and colleagues."

"*iii) Any payment or offer of payment made to a person later cited to give evidence in proceedings must be disclosed to the prosecution and defence. The witness must be advised of this requirement."

"*ii) Where proceedings are not yet active but are likely and foreseeable, editors must not make or offer payment to any person who may reasonably be expected to be called as a witness, unless the information concerned ought demonstrably to be published in the public interest and there is an over-riding need to make or promise payment for this to be done; and all reasonable steps have been taken to ensure no financial dealings influence the evidence those witnesses give. In no circumstances should such payment be conditional on the outcome of a trial."

"i) No payment or offer of payment to a witness – or any person who may reasonably be expected to be called as a witness – should be made in any case once proceedings are active as defined by the Contempt of Court Act 1981. This prohibition lasts until the suspect has been freed unconditionally by police without charge or bail or the proceedings are otherwise discontinued; or has entered a guilty plea to the court; or, in the event of a not guilty plea, the court has announced its verdict."

"Gathering information by bribing sources is incompatible with journalism."

This principle was found in:

"For the application of this exception there must be a clearly defined and transparent editorial procedure."

"Journalists and editors must not publish material acquired by using hidden cameras, listening devices, or unauthorised wiretapping, except when the public interest is protected (for example: disclosure of information regarding the threat to life and health of the population, corruption, abuse of power, etc.)."

"The journalist acquires text, audio, audiovisual and image recordings and backgrounds for articles and other works in a way that it is clear that he or she is a journalist and does not hide his or her full name or belonging to a specific medium. The journalist notices the respondent before recording the phone call if this is not the situation described in Article V, point 9."

This principle was found in:

"Publishers must ensure that journalists do not engage in intimidation."

"Editors must ensure these principles are observed by those working for them and take care not to use non-compliant material from other sources."

"They must not persist in questioning, telephoning, pursuing or photographing individuals once asked to desist; nor remain on property when asked to leave and must not follow them. If requested, they must identify themselves and whom they represent."

"Journalists must not engage in intimidation, harassment or persistent pursuit."

"Pressure on a private person to answer any questions can be continued after the rejection, but only on condition that there is a grounded public interest at stake."

"A journalist should not continue asking questions, phoning, photographing or recording a private person after they were asked to stop."

"While collecting information a journalist must not use extortion, threats and persecution against the source of information. Guidelines: y Besides the fact that they must not threaten the sources of information, journalists should not promise a favourable coverage in exchange for information."

This principle was found in:

"Except where justified by the public interest, publishers must ensure that journalists: a. Do not engage in deception;"

This principle was found in:

"The restrictions on intruding into privacy are particularly relevant to enquiries about individuals in hospitals or similar institutions."

"Journalists must identify themselves and obtain permission from a responsible executive before entering non-public areas of hospitals or similar institutions to pursue enquiries."

This principle was found in:

"not publish information that constitutes a breach of confidence, unless the public interest dictates otherwise."

"identify themselves as such, unless public interest or their safety dictates otherwise"

"obtain news legally, honestly and fairly, unless public interest dictates otherwise"

"Except where justified by the public interest, publishers must: a. Not use covert means to gain or record information"

"Always identify themselves as journalists and provide the name of their publication when making contact"

"Engaging in misrepresentation or subterfuge, including by agents or intermediaries, can generally be justified only in the public interest and then only when the material cannot be obtained by other means."

"The press must not seek to obtain or publish material acquired by using hidden cameras or clandestine listening devices; or by intercepting private or mobile telephone calls, messages or emails; or by the unauthorised removal of documents or photographs; or by accessing digitally-held information without consent."

"A journalist must not use illegal methods of gathering information. While gathering information a journalist works within the Ukrainian legal framework and can use all legal procedures, including court procedures against those who prevent him (her) from gathering information. The use of secret ways of information gathering is acceptable only in cases when it provides accuracy and trustworthiness of the material. These ways can only be justified when other ways of gathering information are impossible to fulfill."

"It is recommended that materials obtained from the source of information remain in possession of the editorial staff or the medias documentation centre the journalist editor reports for."

"A journalist/an editor must not sell documents, audio/video, books and other materials received for the purpose of media coverage. These materials should not be shared with other media without the consent of the source of information."

"While collecting information, photos, documents, audio and video a journalist will only utilise honourable means."

"In case of concealing the journalists' identity, it is necessary that the editorial board is informed, and it is recommended to consult legal advisors for possible legal consequences."

"Concealing the identity of a journalist can be used only as the final means to obtain information: if other methods have been unsuccessfully applied, if the information cannot be obtained in any other way, and only when it relates to information of great importance to the public."

"False impersonation and false identification of the media a journalist works for is not permitted. Journalists on assignment must not present themselves as persons who have special powers, business people or "ordinary citizens"."

"A journalist is obliged to present themself to a source of information and name a media they work for at that moment, except if doing differently is in the public interest and when it is done in accordance with the rules set out in this Code."

"The use of extraordinary means of journalistic work must be adequately explained to recipients when publishing the text or broadcasting the program in which they were used."

"Extraordinary means of journalistic work can be used only if their use is directed to the fulfilment of an important public interest and the public interest could not otherwise be achieved."

"Under the circumstances listed below, the journalist may also use exceptional means in his work. These are: a) using secret ways of collecting information, including a hidden camera or microphone, b) using concealed and confidential sources, c) disclosing unverified information, d) disclosing information from the privacy of individuals who are not publicly active and their privacy is otherwise protected."

This principle was found in:

"Issues of gender, religion, minority groups, sexual orientation, age, race, colour or physical or mental disability are legitimate subjects for discussion where they are relevant and in the public interest, and publications may report and express opinions in these areas. Publications should not, however, place gratuitous emphasis on any such category in their reporting."

"Journalists and editors shall not, deliberately or by inadvertence, encourage discrimination and intolerance."

"The press shall do its utmost not to incite or inflame hatred or encourage discrimination by engaging in the following:na. Treat with contempt an individual or a group on the basis of ethnicity, religion, sex, race, colour, marital status, age or handicap;nb. Employ derogatory terms likely to hurt and intimidate an individual or a group on the basis of ethnicity, religion, sex, race, color, marital status, age or handicap."

"The press in Kosovo shall observe international standards of civility and respect for the ethnic, cultural and religious diversity."

"Publishers must not incite hatred against any group on the basis of that groups age, disability, mental health, gender reassignment or identity, marital or civil partnership status, pregnancy, race, religion, sex or sexual orientation or another characteristic that makes that group vulnerable to discrimination."

"Publishers must not refer to a persons disability, mental health, gender reassignment or identity, pregnancy, race, religion or sexual orientation unless this characteristic is relevant to the story."

"Publishers must not make prejudicial or pejorative reference to a person on the basis of that persons age, disability, mental health, gender reassignment or identity, marital or civil partnership status, pregnancy, race, religion, sex or sexual orientation or another characteristic that makes that person vulnerable to discrimination."

"Details of an individuals race, colour, religion, gender identity, sexual orientation, physical or mental illness or disability must be avoided unless genuinely relevant to the story."

"The press must avoid prejudicial or pejorative reference to an individuals, race, colour, religion, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation or to any physical or mental illness or disability."

"No one can be discriminated because of gender, language, race, religion or ethnic, social origin or political preferences. This information can be pointed out only if it is a necessary part of the material. A journalist should avoid offensive words and foul language, hints or comments about persons physical disabilities or diseases."

"The journalist avoids publishing which is violent, hateful, tyrannical and encouraging discrimination, and harming humanitarian values."

"There shall be no publication limiting the freedom of thought, conscience and expression, and undermining or offending the general moral understanding, the feelings of religion"

"No one shall be condemned or humiliated because of his/her race, gender, age, health, physical and mental disability, social level and religious beliefs."

"Belonging to a particular ethnic, political, ideological, or other group, as well as their marital status, religious beliefs, social belonging, is indicated only in such cases when the information is necessary for complete understanding of the context of events being reported on."

"A journalist must be aware of the danger of discrimination being spread by media and will do everything to avoid discrimination based, among other things, on race, gender, age, sexual orientation, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social belonging."

"In reporting crimes, national, racial, religious, ideological and political affiliation, as well as sexual orientation, social and marital status of suspects or victims, are mentioned only in case when the orientation, citizenship or status are directly related to the type and nature of a committed criminal offense."

"It is unacceptable to name specific groups colloquially, in a derogatory manner and imprecisely."

"Journalism as a profession is incompatible with the spread of any kind of sexual, gender, ethnic, racial, social, or religious stereotypes. Prejudices that journalists have privately must not be broadcast published in any context, neither openly nor covertly."

"A journalist must oppose all those who violate human rights or promote any kind of discrimination, hate speech and incitement to violence."

"The journalist respects other states, nations, their traditions, culture, religion or other beliefs."

"The journalist does not directly or indirectly provoke any hatred, intolerance or discrimination based primarily on race, worldview, religion, ethnic origin, age, social status, gender or sexual orientation. The journalist informs about someone's belonging to a minority only if the information is relevant in the context of the contribution."

This principle was found in:

"A journalist must not unjustly create fear among people or instil false hopes. Guidelines: y A journalist who deliberately encourages unfounded fears and hopes of readers viewers listeners, especially because of the "attractiveness" of the text report, violates the Code in the most extreme manner."

This principle was found in:

"take reasonable steps to ensure that the personal information under their control is protected from misuse, loss, and unauthorized access"

This principle was found in:

"The media shall: 3.1 exercise care and consideration in matters involving the private lives of individuals. The right to privacy may be overridden by public interest;"

"use personal information for journalistic purposes only"

"The press shall avoid intrusions and enquiries into an individuals private life, unless such intrusions or enquiries are necessary due to the public interest."

"Respect privacy settings when reporting on social media content"

"Publishers must give reasonable consideration to the request of a person who, when under the age of 16 years, was identified in their publication and now wishes the online version of the relevant article(s) to be anonymised."

"It is unacceptable to photograph individuals, without their consent, in public or private places where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy."

"Editors will be expected to justify intrusions into any individuals private life without consent. In considering an individuals reasonable expectation of privacy, account will be taken of the complainants own public disclosures of information and the extent to which the material complained about is already in the public domain or will become so."

"Everyone is entitled to respect for private and family life, home, physical and mental health, and correspondence, including digital communications."

"Data from the private lives of public figures are published only if it is in the public interest, or if they have a direct impact on a number of people, if they are in contradiction with the spirit of the function which that person performs, or ideas that the person publicly advocates."

"Public figures are aware in advance that their right to privacy is somewhat limited, but this does not mean that the media can violate it without any reason or explanation."

"A journalist respects the privacy, dignity and integrity of the people they write about."

"The journalist must not publish the information or records about the privacy of an individual without the consent of the individual concerned, except in the case of a matter of public interest. The journalist must not lower the reputation, honour or dignity of the individual not even when publishing the information and records in relation to a public interest, except the case where the individual raises suspicion of unlawfully acting or causing offense by his or her actions."

This principle was found in:

"At public appearances and events, the journalist is authorised to make text, audio, audiovisual and image records without explicit consent of the performers only if the copyrights and laws are not violated. The journalist can act equally while collecting records and gathering information in public spaces."

This principle was found in:

"not identify rape survivors, survivors of sexual violence which includes sexual intimidation and harassment* or disclose the HIV / AIDS status of people without their consent and, in the case of children, from their legal guardian or a similarly responsible adult as well as from the child (taking into consideration the evolving capacity of the child), and a public interest is evident, and it is in the best interests of the child"

"inform the affected person(s) and take reasonable steps to mitigate any prejudicial effects where it is reasonably suspected that an unauthorized person may have obtained access to personal information held by the media."

"only disclose sufficient personal information to identify the person being reported on as some information, such as addresses, may enable others to intrude on their privacy and safety"

"ensure that the personal information they gather is accurate, reasonably complete and up to date"

"Protecting privacy and identity includes not only protection of names (labelling a suspect by using initials), but also protecting other data that could direct to the identity: photos, address, description of appearance, marital status, social status, belonging to a group, the names of neighbours, relatives and friends."

This principle was found in:

"afford special weight to South African cultural customs concerning the protection of privacy and dignity of people who are bereaved and their respect for those who have passed away, as well as concerning children, the aged and the physically and mentally disabled"

This principle was found in:

"It should be interpreted neither so narrowly as to compromise its commitment to respect the rights of the individual, nor so broadly that it infringes the fundamental right to freedom of expression – such as to inform, to be partisan, to challenge, shock, be satirical and to entertain – or prevents publication in the public interest."

This principle was found in:

"exercise care and consideration in matters involving dignity and reputation, which may be overridden only if it is in the public interest and if: \n3.3.1. the facts reported are true or substantially true; or \n3.3.2. the reportage amounts to protected comment based on facts that are adequately referred to and that are either true or reasonably true; or \n3.3.3. the reportage amounts to a fair and accurate report of court proceedings, Parliamentary proceedings or the proceedings of any quasi-judicial tribunal or forum; or \n3.3.4. it was reasonable for the information to be communicated because it was prepared in accordance with acceptable principles of journalistic conduct; or \n3.3.5. the content was, or formed part of, an accurate and impartial account of a dispute to which the complainant was a party;"

"afford special weight to South African cultural customs concerning the protection of privacy and dignity of people who are bereaved and their respect for those who have passed away, as well as concerning children, the aged and the physically and mentally disabled"

"e. Whether the person had voluntarily courted publicity on a relevant aspect of their private life."

"d. The relevant attributes of the person, such as their age, occupation or public profile; and"

"c. How the information concerned was held or communicated, such as in private correspondence or a personal diary;"

"b. The nature of the place concerned, such as a home, school or hospital;"

"Except where justified by the public interest, publishers must respect peoples reasonable expectation of privacy. Such an expectation may be determined by factors that include, but are not limited to, the following: a. The nature of the information concerned, such as whether it relates to intimate, family, health or medical matters or personal finances;"

"A journalist has to respect peoples private life. At the same time his right to investigative journalism is saved, when it is connected to some other events or facts, which are a matter of public importance and aimed at protecting social and individual interests."

"The private life of individuals shall not be the subject of publication, except when required due to the public interests."

"Statements that are humiliating, degrading or sullying individuals and organizations beyond the limits of criticism shall not be allowed."

"A journalist must have an awareness of the power of media, or the possible consequences for the victim or the perpetrator, if their identity is disclosed. They must take into account, in particular, the weight of the possible consequences in case of any errors incorrect assumptions in reporting."

"A journalist respects the privacy, dignity and integrity of the people they write about."

This principle was found in:

"protect confidential sources of information - the protection of sources is a basic principle in a democratic and free society"

"Newspapers and their publications have an obligation to protect the identity of those who provide information in confidence, whether or not they explicitly request confidentiality."

"Publishers must protect the anonymity of sources where confidentiality has been agreed and not waived by the source, except where the source has been manifestly dishonest."

"Confidential sources Journalists have a moral obligation to protect confidential sources of information"

"A journalist doesn't uncover his (her) informational sources, except cases when the Ukrainian law demands it."

"The journalist protects the confidentiality of his/her sources. An exception are cases where a source aims to mislead the public due to personal, political and similar causes."

"The information provided on the condition that it remains confidential shall not be published unless severely required due to the public interest."

"A journalist has the right not to disclose the identity of an anonymous (confidential) source to the editor. In this case, the editor may decide not to publish the information obtained from a source unknown to them, and this procedure shall not be considered censorship and is in accordance with the Code."

"If a source of information is unnamed, the editor must be informed of the identity of the source, since both, journalists and editors are responsible for the accuracy of the information published."

"At the request of an editor a journalist may tell them the identity of a source who wishes to remain anonymous, and the editor is obliged to protect the anonymity of the source"

"If the source of information requests from the journalist that their identity remain confidential even to the editor, this request should be rejected"

"An editor is required to check with the journalist the justification for the use of anonymous (confidential) sources of information. Regarding this, it is necessary that at least one editor knows and protects the identity of an anonymous source."

"Anonymity confidentiality should be provided for the sources that can provide "first hand", information, that is, documents that directly confirm or, by itself, represent information of great public importance."

"A journalist is obliged to respect a request for anonymity from the source of information. Inv"

"In case that the source of information insists on remaining unnamed, the editorial staff is obliged to respect that choice. A deviation from this rule is permissible only if the information relates to planning of a crime or a violation of the constitutional order and security of the state, when the obligation of the"

"editorial staff is to report to the authorities. It is recommended that in these cases a legal advisor is consulted."

This principle was found in:

"take care to report news truthfully, accurately and fairly"